{"id":28026,"date":"2024-09-20T11:00:44","date_gmt":"2024-09-20T11:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esin.av.tr\/?p=28026"},"modified":"2024-10-02T11:46:44","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T11:46:44","slug":"is-gucu-piyasalarindaki-rekabet-ihlallerine-yonelik-taslak-kilavuz-yayimlandi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.esin.av.tr\/tr\/2024\/09\/20\/is-gucu-piyasalarindaki-rekabet-ihlallerine-yonelik-taslak-kilavuz-yayimlandi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc Piyasalar\u0131ndaki Rekabet \u0130hlallerine Y\u00f6nelik Taslak K\u0131lavuz Yay\u0131mland\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Yeni geli\u015fme<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rekabet Kurumu (&#8220;<strong>Kurum<\/strong>&#8220;), bir s\u00fcredir beklenen \u0130\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc Piyasalar\u0131ndaki Rekabet \u0130hlallerine Y\u00f6nelik K\u0131lavuz Tasla\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 (&#8220;<strong>Taslak K\u0131lavuz<\/strong>&#8220;) 16 Eyl\u00fcl 2024 tarihinde kamuoyu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Kurum&#8217;un Kas\u0131m 2020&#8217;de \u00f6zel hastaneler ve Nisan 2021&#8217;de a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak dijital sekt\u00f6rde faaliyet g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 te\u015febb\u00fcsler hakk\u0131nda soru\u015fturmalar ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Rekabet Kurulu (&#8220;<strong>Kurul<\/strong>&#8220;) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Birol K\u00fcle, May\u0131s 2021&#8217;de Anadolu Ajans\u0131&#8217;na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, \u015firketlerin ve i\u015fverenlerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilecekleri hukuki belirsizli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131ndaki rekabet hukuku sorunlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir k\u0131lavuz haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara \u00f6ncelik vereceklerini belirtmi\u015f ve bu sorunlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne vurgu yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<sup>[1]<\/sup><sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>K\u0131lavuz nihai hale getirilip yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa Birli\u011fi (&#8220;<strong>AB<\/strong>&#8220;)<sup>[2]<\/sup><sup>\u00a0<\/sup>, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k<sup>[3]<\/sup><sup>\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri (&#8220;<strong>ABD<\/strong>&#8220;)\u00a0<sup>[4]<\/sup><sup>\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0ile birlikte i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda rekabet hukukuna ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel bir ikincil mevzuata sahip yarg\u0131 alanlar\u0131ndan biri olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz, di\u011fer otoritelerin k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131na paralel bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama ve \u00fccret tespiti anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele almaktad\u0131r. Ek olarak i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimi ve yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar da Taslak K\u0131lavuz \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Son olarak, Taslak K\u0131lavuz bireysel muafiyet, hakim durumun k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve birle\u015fme kontrol\u00fc incelemeleri kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na ili\u015fkin k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesine y\u00f6nelik ilkeleri de belirlemektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Taslak K\u0131lavuz&#8217;da Genel Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz, i\u015fverenler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan eme\u011fin pazarda \u00f6zg\u00fcrce dolan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellenmesi veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00fccret ve di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ya da bu etkiyi do\u011furan anla\u015fma veya uyumlu eylemler ile te\u015febb\u00fcs birliklerinin bu t\u00fcr karar ve eylemlerini 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Rekabetin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun&#8217;un (&#8220;<strong>4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun<\/strong>&#8220;) 4. maddesi h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn ihlali olarak nitelendirmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz, \u015firketlerin faaliyetleri i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir girdi olan i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn faaliyetlerinden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyece\u011fini ve bu nedenle rekabet hukuku kapsam\u0131na girece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u015fverenler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda hem say\u0131 hem de pazarl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclen dengesizli\u011fin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda, Taslak K\u0131lavuz, i\u015fverenler taraf\u0131ndan rekabete ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunulmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve bunun, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hareketlili\u011finin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, piyasadaki i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn verimsiz da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, yenilik\u00e7i fikirlere ve teknolojik geli\u015fime kar\u015f\u0131 potansiyel engellerin do\u011fmas\u0131, mallar\u0131n miktar\u0131nda ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finde azalma ve nihayetinde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli ancak daha y\u00fcksek fiyatl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin olu\u015fumu gibi piyasadaki potansiyel etkilerine dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Kurum&#8217;un Nisan 2021&#8217;de a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak dijital sekt\u00f6rlerde faaliyet g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 te\u015febb\u00fcsler hakk\u0131nda soru\u015fturma ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, soru\u015fturulan te\u015febb\u00fcslerin ana faaliyet alanlar\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar nedeniyle i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na ili\u015fkin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan rekabet eden i\u015fverenler aras\u0131nda olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015fti.<sup>[5]\u00a0<\/sup>Bu do\u011frultuda, Kurul taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan yak\u0131n tarihli soru\u015fturmalarda, te\u015febb\u00fcslerin 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un 4. maddesini ihlal etmeleri nedeniyle Kurul taraf\u0131ndan te\u015febb\u00fcslere idari para cezas\u0131 uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<sup>[6]\u00a0<\/sup>4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un 4. maddesini ihlal ettikleri gerek\u00e7esiyle idari para cezas\u0131 uygulanmas\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir. Taslak K\u0131lavuz, farkl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde faaliyet g\u00f6steren te\u015febb\u00fcslerin benzer talep yap\u0131lar\u0131na sahip olmalar\u0131 halinde i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda rakip olarak de\u011ferlendirilebileceklerini \u00f6ng\u00f6rerek bu tart\u0131\u015fmaya kesinlik getirmektedir. Taslak K\u0131lavuz&#8217;da ayr\u0131ca, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama, \u00fccret tespiti ve bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimi anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n, 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un 4. maddesinde belirtilen ilkeler kapsam\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmalarla ayn\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evede de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;un 4. maddesinde kartel olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lan anla\u015fmalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz bu a\u015famada i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda te\u015febb\u00fcsler aras\u0131 rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 farkl\u0131 anla\u015fma t\u00fcrlerinden bahsedilebilece\u011fini belirtse de iki yayg\u0131n ihlal t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcne yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: (i) \u00fccret tespiti anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ve (ii) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmalar\u0131.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>\u00dccret tespiti anla\u015fmalar\u0131:<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00fccret tespiti anla\u015fmalar\u0131; do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara \u00f6denecek \u00fccretlerin ve\/veya sa\u011flanacak di\u011fer her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hakk\u0131n belirli bir seviyede ya da belirli bir periyodik d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde kontrol edilmesine veya bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik anla\u015fmalard\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlara eme\u011fin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak te\u015febb\u00fcslerce sa\u011flanan \u00fccret ve di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, \u00fccret art\u0131\u015flar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri, yan haklar, tazminatlar, fiziksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, izin haklar\u0131, rekabet etmeme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri vb.) Taslak K\u0131lavuz nezdinde 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda fiyat\u0131 olu\u015fturan maliyet ve\/veya al\u0131m \u015fart\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6z konusu anla\u015fmalar\u0131n 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde incelenebilece\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fccret tespiti anla\u015fmalar\u0131, Taslak K\u0131lavuz\u2019a g\u00f6re geleneksel fiyat sabitleme anla\u015fmalar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 potada de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, \u2018ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\u2019 ihlal te\u015fkil etmektedirler ve kartel olarak de\u011ferlendirilirler.<\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz \u0130lkeler ayr\u0131ca bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir taraf\u00e7a kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda, Kurul&#8217;un son hub &amp; spoke davalar\u0131<sup>[7]<\/sup>\u00a0ve Aral\u0131k 2023&#8217;te kartel kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n<sup>[8]<\/sup>\u00a0durumunu d\u00fczenleyen pi\u015fmanl\u0131k y\u00f6netmeli\u011findeki de\u011fi\u015fiklik uyar\u0131nca, fiili ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf ihlalin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn bir ba\u015fka te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na i\u015f teklif etmemesine veya bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u015fe almamas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 \u015fekilde yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n i\u015fe al\u0131nmamas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan transferi i\u00e7in i\u015fverenlerin birbirinden onay almas\u0131 veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n mevcut i\u015fvereninden onay almas\u0131 halleri de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr anla\u015fmalar mevcut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi, eski \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara y\u00f6nelik de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131rlar. Buna paralel olarak Taslak K\u0131lavuz&#8217;un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131ndan ziyade anla\u015fman\u0131n emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcrce hareketini k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya y\u00f6nelik olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikkate ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu do\u011frultuda Taslak K\u0131lavuz, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n arz edilen eme\u011fin te\u015febb\u00fcsler aras\u0131nda suni olarak payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz kapsam\u0131nda bilgi, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc ile ilgisi bulunan do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc veriyi; bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimi ise s\u00f6z konusu bilginin te\u015febb\u00fcsler aras\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr bilgilerin de\u011fi\u015fimi, pazardaki \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131na, rakipler aras\u0131nda rekabet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 i\u015f birliklerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na veya rakipler aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015f\u0131n\u0131n uygulan\u0131p uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n takip edilmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 bir anla\u015fma veya uyumlu eylem olarak da de\u011ferlendirilebilmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Taslak K\u0131lavuza g\u00f6re, rakip i\u015fverenlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin hassas bilgileri birbirleriyle payla\u015fmalar\u0131 rakiplerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara y\u00f6nelik \u00f6dedikleri \u00fccretler ve yan haklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan koordinasyon olu\u015fturabilece\u011finden, bu t\u00fcr bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimleri \u00fccret tespiti anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n mevcudiyetine i\u015faret edebilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda rekabet eden te\u015febb\u00fcsler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n; \u00fccretleri, \u00fccretlere ili\u015fkin zam oranlar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri, yan haklar\u0131, tazminatlar\u0131, fiziki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131, izin haklar\u0131 gibi her t\u00fcrden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgiler rekabete duyarl\u0131 bilgi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re Taslak K\u0131lavuz\u2019da emek piyasas\u0131nda rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlama amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgi de\u011fi\u015fiminin etkisine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz\u2019a g\u00f6re bilgi de\u011fi\u015fiminin anla\u015fmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespit edildi\u011fi durumlarda bilgi de\u011fi\u015fiminin anla\u015fman\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul edilebilecektir. Bununla birlikte Taslak K\u0131lavuz, Kurul\u2019un olay\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin rekabet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 etki do\u011furup do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lgili ihlal t\u00fcr\u00fc yaln\u0131zca i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131nda rekabet eden te\u015febb\u00fcsler aras\u0131nda de\u011fil, bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimine \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf olarak kat\u0131lan pazar ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00f6zel istihdam b\u00fcrolar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsamaktad\u0131r. Taslak K\u0131lavuz\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00fccret bilgisi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin verilere y\u00f6nelik ara\u015ft\u0131rma hizmeti sunan te\u015febb\u00fcslerin edindikleri verileri toplula\u015ft\u0131rarak anonim hale getirmelidir. Zira az say\u0131da te\u015febb\u00fcsten elde edilen verilerin rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlayan etki do\u011furmas\u0131 daha olas\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, g\u00fcncel veya gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik, yeteri kadar toplula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ya da anonimle\u015ftirilmemi\u015f, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k kanallardan edinilmemi\u015f bilgiler Taslak K\u0131lavuz nezdinde rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 etki yaratabilecektir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz, birle\u015fme ve devralmalarda bu t\u00fcr k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi i\u00e7in sa\u011flanan k\u0131lavuz ilkelere benzer \u015fekilde rekabeti engelleme, bozma veya s\u0131n\u0131rlama amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan ve as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n birincil amac\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmayan, ancak (i) as\u0131l anla\u015fma ile do\u011frudan ilgili, (ii) as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n uygulanabilmesi veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli ve (iii) orant\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar olarak belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz\u2019a g\u00f6re bu \u00fc\u00e7 ko\u015fulu kollektif olarak ta\u015f\u0131mayan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar yan s\u0131n\u0131rlama olarak nitelendirilemeyecek ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n sa\u011flan\u0131p sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda ispat y\u00fck\u00fc te\u015febb\u00fcslerin \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu kabul edilecektir.<sup>[9]<\/sup><sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Do\u011frudan ilgililik: <\/strong>Yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmal\u0131 ve bu anla\u015fman\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle, as\u0131l anla\u015fma olmadan bu k\u0131s\u0131tlaman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Bu ko\u015fulun sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131s\u0131tlaman\u0131n hangi as\u0131l anla\u015fma ile ilgili oldu\u011funun net bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekir, fakat yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n as\u0131l anla\u015fma ile ayn\u0131 anda getirilmesi do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fulu i\u00e7in yeterli olmayacakt\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir yandan, di\u011fer ko\u015fullar sa\u011flan\u0131yor ise, yan k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar farkl\u0131 bir zamanda getirilmi\u015f olsa bile do\u011frudan ilgili say\u0131labilir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gereklilik:<\/strong> Yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in zorunludur ve bu ko\u015fulun de\u011ferlendirmesi nesnel ko\u015fullara dayan\u0131r. Pazar\u0131n ve as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, e\u011fer benzer durumdaki te\u015febb\u00fcsler s\u00f6z konusu yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar olmaks\u0131z\u0131n as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n taraf\u0131 olmayacaklar ise, gereklilik ko\u015fulu sa\u011flan\u0131r. Fakat e\u011fer te\u015febb\u00fcsler as\u0131l s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi rekabeti daha az k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalarla veya s\u00f6z konusu yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar olmaks\u0131z\u0131n uygulayabiliyor veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebiliyorsa gereklilik ko\u015fulu sa\u011flanmaz. S\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n yoklu\u011funun as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n uygulamas\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluk gereklilik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> S\u00f6z konusu s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen hedefe, rekabeti daha az s\u0131n\u0131rlayan ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6ntem ile ula\u015f\u0131lamayacak olmas\u0131 gerekir. Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fulunun de\u011ferlendirilmesinde:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><u>S\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n s\u00fcresi:<\/u> s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n s\u00fcresinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmedi\u011fi, as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n s\u00fcresini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya as\u0131l anla\u015fma i\u00e7in yeterli s\u00fcrenin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li><u>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan niteli\u011fi:<\/u> s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kilit \u00f6nemde olmayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara getirildi\u011fi veya s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n hangi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara getirildi\u011finin belirgin hale getirilmedi\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li><u>Co\u011frafi b\u00f6lge:<\/u> s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n as\u0131l anla\u015fman\u0131n uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi a\u015facak \u015fekilde getirildi\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li><u>Taraflar:<\/u> s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n as\u0131l anla\u015fma taraflar\u0131ndan az say\u0131daki veya sadece birine getirilmesi yeterli iken daha fazla taraf\u0131 ya da b\u00fct\u00fcn taraflar\u0131 kapsayacak geni\u015flikte getirildi\u011fi,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>durumlarda bu ko\u015ful kar\u015f\u0131lanamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bunlara ek olarak Taslak K\u0131lavuz bu t\u00fcr k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak belirtilmesini kapsamlar\u0131 konusunda a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in tavsiye etmektedir. Tespit edilen yan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar Taslak K\u0131lavuz nezdinde e\u011fer belirtilen \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor ise 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmeyecekken yan s\u0131n\u0131rlama niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mayan k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nabilecektir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a04054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un di\u011fer maddelerinin uygulanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Muafiyet<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz\u2019a g\u00f6re i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131ndaki \u00fccret tespiti ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlama amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan bilgi de\u011fi\u015fimleri, kural olarak muafiyetten yararlanamayacakt\u0131r. Zira muafiyet i\u00e7in gerekli olan yenilik, iyile\u015fme ve t\u00fcketici faydas\u0131 gibi ko\u015fullar bu t\u00fcr anla\u015fmalarda genellikle sa\u011flanamamaktad\u0131r. Taslak K\u0131lavuz, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131nda rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 anla\u015fmalar\u0131 muafiyet kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Hakim Durumun K\u00f6t\u00fcye Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Taslak K\u0131lavuz&#8217;a g\u00f6re i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda hakim durumun k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 iki eksende ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilecektir. Bunlar (i) ilgili i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131ndaki hakim te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn eme\u011fin hareketini k\u0131s\u0131tlayarak, (ii) hakim durumdaki te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarla i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 etkiler yaratmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilmektedir. Bu de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131l\u0131rken, ilgili te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn hem i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131nda hem de ilgili \u00fcr\u00fcn veya hizmet pazar\u0131nda hakim durumda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilecektir.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Birle\u015fme ve Devralmalar<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 7. maddesi etkin rekabetin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furabilecek birle\u015fme ve devralmalar\u0131 yasaklamakta olup, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131 taht\u0131nda ilgili i\u015flemin rekabeti \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131p k\u0131s\u0131tlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda Taslak K\u0131lavuz baz\u0131 unsurlar ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda i\u015flem taraflar\u0131n\u0131n paylar\u0131 ve pazar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fma seviyesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere i\u015flemin i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc devralma olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, \u015flem taraflar\u0131n\u0131n istihdam etti\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n niteli\u011finin birbirine yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ilgili i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131nda emek arz edenlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, i\u015f yeri de\u011fi\u015ftirme maliyetlerine y\u00f6nelik emek piyasas\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitli rekabet parametreleri belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kurum Taslak K\u0131lavuz ile \u00f6zellikle ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihli kararlar\u0131nda belirtti\u011fi temel prensipleri Taslak K\u0131lavuz ile birlikte tek bir d\u00fczlemde toplam\u0131\u015f ve i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ihlallere ili\u015fkin belirlili\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Kurum&#8217;un nihai de\u011ferlendirmeleri hala de\u011fi\u015fecek olmakla birlikte, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak Kurum&#8217;un son y\u0131llardaki tutumunu devam ettirece\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilebilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[1]<sup>\u00a0<\/sup>Bak\u0131n\u0131z, <a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/esinxchange.com\/collect\/click.aspx?u=ZmpLbm1uUFgxRThoS1dvOFB3YWZUVklidjlQVzJXWVZLbm1URXVIMGdBYlQ2dHJMeUh5eW03dlZQeW9NcjdPKzhYcFdUdklHb0c2RUZTV2tWVXRHSkNPQVkrMVNaL25EdlhsNVJnZFNRYTFrejRUbmlrZnkwdG1Wc05XUmpkcUkwbTdHdVBFY3QwMEsra291ZGhWQU9zdmtzR1hHWVpHR05RZWRnVkUzcXNBQUFHQmdwclM0Y2V3K003c0lnNkcw&amp;rh=ff00d4aed35c76534a6ab56bf140ad49a0a3ad52__;!!Hj9Y_P0nvg!Tn7_JHluaJNwg7f9cvaCmP3HuvD6ufOtmdMWoqc_2y0ZgC74CEYBsG4gkW8vGJPDQ35mg0SavjvD2uV8LhIf27C9Og$\">Rekabet Kurumu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Birol K\u00fcle&#8217;nin 05.05.2021 Tarihli R\u00f6portaj\u0131 <\/a><\/p>\n<p>[2] Avrupa Komisyonu (&#8220;<strong>Komisyon<\/strong>&#8220;) May\u0131s 2024&#8217;te yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politika notunda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda \u00fccret tespiti ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ayartmama anla\u015fmalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftirdi. Bak\u0131n\u0131z, <a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/esinxchange.com\/collect\/click.aspx?u=ZmpLbm1uUFgxRThoS1dvOFB3YWZUVklidjlQVzJXWVZLbm1URXVIMGdBWUpzK0I5WTQ5OVVJSi85VXo0SG9yL2F5cTlzVytZeHMrK0RCM1UwM3lqYnA5YXp6a0NwVForRXR6c2MzSVBBNVJFUHRhUGp5U1A2MjJ4d0tPelU3a0NDTHBrZ0Y5VTM3LzZvWUVVYXAvY2RmRXlNcDI2RjI4MFZMOHd5VXUvMndRPQ==&amp;rh=ff00d4aed35c76534a6ab56bf140ad49a0a3ad52__;!!Hj9Y_P0nvg!Tn7_JHluaJNwg7f9cvaCmP3HuvD6ufOtmdMWoqc_2y0ZgC74CEYBsG4gkW8vGJPDQ35mg0SavjvD2uV8LhLQ2YyR9g$\">Politika Metni<\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[3] Rekabet ve Piyasalar Kurumu \u015eubat 2023&#8217;te rekabete ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flardan nas\u0131l ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin i\u015fverenler i\u00e7in bir k\u0131lavuz yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Bak\u0131n\u0131z, <a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/esinxchange.com\/collect\/click.aspx?u=ZmpLbm1uUFgxRThoS1dvOFB3YWZUVklidjlQVzJXWVZLbm1URXVIMGdBYlQ2dHJMeUh5eW02YWl3N1lrSnhiUWdMRy8ybVQyNWxNTkhVN0VCS05kSHVaZGNEQzA2TG0va2ZndUxMbkFHQmlBUUpLdzc3WXNDcDQybHppbGRZa0hyeUFkd2grRS94d1lHL2Q5R1RwclJreVJ3QWxjdkg0aWhqWmMwSkFiNVpRV0R6WmU4dTdCdmtjcUQyMmFGWVI3Wjh3clpHdWdBQWplU1JaQytrd2pWU3YrRjRyV1Y2WTlOOTRCaWd1QUU3WmtGdUt2TWVJdU1BPT0=&amp;rh=ff00d4aed35c76534a6ab56bf140ad49a0a3ad52__;!!Hj9Y_P0nvg!Tn7_JHluaJNwg7f9cvaCmP3HuvD6ufOtmdMWoqc_2y0ZgC74CEYBsG4gkW8vGJPDQ35mg0SavjvD2uV8LhK03pDcPw$\">Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k \u0130\u015fverenleri i\u00e7in K\u0131lavuz<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0Federal Ticaret Komisyonu&#8217;nun insan kaynaklar\u0131 uzmanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik rekabet k\u0131lavuzu Ekim 2016&#8217;da yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bak\u0131n\u0131z, <a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/esinxchange.com\/collect\/click.aspx?u=ZmpLbm1uUFgxRThoS1dvOFB3YWZUVklidjlQVzJXWVZLbm1URXVIMGdBYlQ2dHJMeUh5eW0rK2FTK3JmeFFObjZ4aUpjSHNEVXZQcXF5aEFKNzZ6VUQya3VyMWZ0VndZ&amp;rh=ff00d4aed35c76534a6ab56bf140ad49a0a3ad52__;!!Hj9Y_P0nvg!Tn7_JHluaJNwg7f9cvaCmP3HuvD6ufOtmdMWoqc_2y0ZgC74CEYBsG4gkW8vGJPDQ35mg0SavjvD2uV8LhJb8chNBw$\">\u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 K\u0131lavuzu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u0130lgili soru\u015fturma Kurul&#8217;un 26.07.2023 tarihli ve 23-34\/649-218 numaral\u0131 <em>48 Te\u015febb\u00fcs Karar\u0131<\/em> ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurul, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak dijital pazarlarda faaliyet g\u00f6steren te\u015febb\u00fcsler hakk\u0131nda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda 4054 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun&#8217;u ihlal ettiklerini tespit etmek amac\u0131yla soru\u015fturma neticesinde 16 te\u015febb\u00fcse i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda ayartmama anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131klar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle idari para cezas\u0131 uygulanmas\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u00a0Kurul&#8217;un 24.02.2022 tarih ve 22-10\/152-62 say\u0131l\u0131 <em>\u00d6zel Hastaneler Karar\u0131<\/em>; Kurul&#8217;un 26.07.2023 tarih ve 23-34\/649-218 say\u0131l\u0131 <em>48 Te\u015febb\u00fcs Karar\u0131<\/em>; Kurul&#8217;un 24.04.2024 tarih ve 24-20\/466-196 say\u0131l\u0131 <em>Frans\u0131z Okullar\u0131 Karar\u0131<\/em>; Kurul&#8217;un 27.02.2024 tarih ve 24-10\/170-66 say\u0131l\u0131 <em>Bili\u015fim \u015eirketleri Karar\u0131<\/em>; Kurul&#8217;un <em>\u0130la\u00e7 Karar\u0131<\/em> (Kurum karar tarihi ve say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u00a0Kurul&#8217;un 28.10.2021 tarih ve 21-53\/747-360 say\u0131l\u0131<em> Perakende I Karar\u0131<\/em>; Kurul&#8217;un 05.01.2023 tarih ve 2022-4-010 say\u0131l\u0131 <em>Sunny Karar\u0131<\/em>; Kurul&#8217;un 09.03.2023 tarih ve 2022-2-046 say\u0131l\u0131<em> Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 Karar\u0131<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a016.11.2023 tarihli 32401 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazete, <em>Kartel kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131<\/em> kartel taraflar\u0131 ile \u00fcretim veya da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m zincirinin ayn\u0131 seviyesinde faaliyet g\u00f6stermeksizin, bir kartelin kurulmas\u0131na ve\/veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine arac\u0131l\u0131k eden, faaliyetleriyle bir kartelin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve\/veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran te\u015febb\u00fcsleri ve te\u015febb\u00fcs birliklerini ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/esinxchange.com\/collect\/click.aspx?u=ZmpLbm1uUFgxRThoS1dvOFB3YWZUVklidjlQVzJXWVZLbm1URXVIMGdBYlQ2dHJMeUh5eW03dlZQeW9NcjdPK2NnaEFXT2ZFSkxwazdJQm5TQmZNbWhmOTBhNUJnMHhXTGtTT3JXNVAvbXhmcDZvUjJFZ2N5YW8rekVEemhyZnlyYUdIMG05ZWdsRkMwVkF2czFPbWs5dWZHUVFPbFB4cURjbHB3SDhqTU5SVmtadXRkdUtnQWw2U2lydDE2a05nSGliZE0wTk9aNEFHTk43d2tROXdjbzVQT1UzeWtibWVkK0F2YjhLODY1TStKSVVTM0xLZjdRPT0=&amp;rh=ff00d4aed35c76534a6ab56bf140ad49a0a3ad52__;!!Hj9Y_P0nvg!Tn7_JHluaJNwg7f9cvaCmP3HuvD6ufOtmdMWoqc_2y0ZgC74CEYBsG4gkW8vGJPDQ35mg0SavjvD2uV8LhJh4bEOVA$\">Birle\u015fme ve Devralmalarda \u0130lgili Te\u015febb\u00fcs, Ciro ve Yan S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar Hakk\u0131nda K\u0131lavuz<\/a>, para. 45-51.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yeni geli\u015fme Rekabet Kurumu (&#8220;Kurum&#8220;), bir s\u00fcredir beklenen \u0130\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc Piyasalar\u0131ndaki Rekabet \u0130hlallerine Y\u00f6nelik K\u0131lavuz Tasla\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 (&#8220;Taslak K\u0131lavuz&#8220;) 16 Eyl\u00fcl [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":false,"_modified_date":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[120],"tags":[108],"class_list":["post-28026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-legal-alerts","tag-competition-tr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0130\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc Piyasalar\u0131ndaki Rekabet \u0130hlallerine Y\u00f6nelik Taslak K\u0131lavuz Yay\u0131mland\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yeni geli\u015fme Rekabet Kurumu (&quot;Kurum&quot;), bir s\u00fcredir beklenen \u0130\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc Piyasalar\u0131ndaki Rekabet \u0130hlallerine 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